Lawrence Chow / ENT Doctor
What Are Pharyngeal Tonsils And Why Are They Important?
The pharyngeal tonsils are also known as the adenoids. They’re one of the 3 types of tonsils in your lymphatic system. The pharyngeal tonsils are basically clusters of lymphatic tissue that can be found in the back of the nose right above the roof of your mouth. However, someone can’t just find the pharyngeal tonsils simply by looking down your mouth.
Growth of Pharyngeal Tonsils
As a baby grows, so do their pharyngeal tonsils. But these reach their largest size when the child is between 3 to 5 years old. Then the pharyngeal tonsils begin to grow smaller as the child turns 7 or 8 years old. The adenoids are barely visible by the time the child reaches their late teens, and the pharyngeal tonsils completely disappear as the child becomes an adult.
Why Are Pharyngeal Tonsils Important?
The pharyngeal tonsils are important for children because they’re part of the first line of defense for the immune system and the human body. The pharyngeal tonsils feature small hairs called cilia that move in a rhythmic pattern. This movement helps to spread the mucus down the pharynx. The mucus is also part of the human body’s defense system, as it captures foreign particles such as dust and infectious bacteria. The pharyngeal tonsils help to carry the mucus to the stomach so the foreign particles can then be flushed away. The pharyngeal tonsils also help to create antibodies, and this is also one of their functions as part of the immune system.
Enlarged Adenoids
One of the more common problems for pharyngeal tonsils in children is enlarged adenoids. This can be a problem which a child is born with, or the pharyngeal tonsils can become swollen because of an infection.
The doctor can use x-rays to detect the condition. They also feel the throat for swelling or use an endoscope to check the inside of the throat.
When the pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged, they can block proper air flow and sinus drainage in the body. Sleep can be disrupted. The patient can experience restless sleep, sleep apnea, and snoring. The patient can also get a runny nose, cracked lips, dry mouth, ear infections, and bad breath. They may breathe loudly as well.
If the problem is temporary, the ENT doctor may prescribe over-the-counter pain killers along with a series of antibiotics or a nasal spray. The problem has to be treated because temporary enlarged adenoids can become a permanent condition.
The enlarged pharyngeal tonsils can also be removed using a process called adenoidectomy. This process is needed if the condition is causing long-term issues. The adenoidectomy needs only 30 minutes to complete.
Since ENT problem is quite different from case to case, it is suggested to consult an ENT Specialist for the appropriate ENT services.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
Radiation Therapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer
When cancer cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx (located in the upper part of the throat behind the nose), the condition is referred to as nasopharyngeal cancer. It is a type of head and neck cancer.
Among the signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include difficulties with hearing, talking, and breathing. The risk factors for the condition include having Asian ancestry, being exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus, and high consumption of alcohol. Doctors have to examine the nose, throat, and nearby organs to diagnose the disease and to determine its current stage.
Radiation therapy is one of the 3 standard treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer. The other options are chemotherapy and surgery. In some cases, doctors may give chemotherapy after using radiation therapy, to kill off any remaining cancer cells.
There are 2 types of radiation therapy: external and internal.
External Radiation Therapy
In external radiation therapy, the doctors send radiation towards the cancer cells to kill them off, using a machine outside the body. It’s possible that external radiation therapy may change the way the thyroid gland works, if the therapy is applied to the pituitary gland or the thyroid. After the therapy, doctors can check that the thyroid gland is functioning properly. Before and after the therapy, the doctors can give a blood test to determine the thyroid hormone level in the patient’s blood. Some particular ways of providing radiation therapy can also target the cancer cells without doing damage to the adjacent healthy tissue. These include stereotactic radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
Stereotactic Radiation Therapy
This may also be called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.
The doctors attach a rigid head frame to the patient’s skull, to prevent the head from moving during the treatment. They then use a machine to aim the high-energy radiation straight to the tumor.
The total dose of the radiation isn’t given all at once. Instead, the radiation dose is divided into smaller doses, and they’re given over several days.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
This is a type of 3D radiation therapy. It uses a computer to create images of the shape and size of the tumor. Thin streams of radiation with varying strengths (intensities) are directed at the tumor, coming from many different angles. One of the benefits of IMRT is that it’s less likely to cause dry mouth in the patient.
Internal Radiation Therapy
This method involves applying the radiation directly into the cancer, or at least near the cancer. In general, the doctors use catheters wires, needles, and even seeds, to seal in deliver the radioactive substance to the cancer cells.
If you wonder if you suffer from nasopharyngeal cancer, it is suggested to consult an ENT Specialist for the appropriate ENT services as soon as possible. HK ENT Specialist Ltd. is a professional Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre to offer ENT Services. Please contact us for an appointment at 3100 0555.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
What to Do When You’re Sensitive to Dust or Dust Allergy
You might think that being on the road can be a bad place to be when you have dust allergies. But in fact your home may be a more dangerous place for you when you’re allergic to dust. It’s even stranger when you consider how your allergy symptoms become worse when you’re dusting and vacuuming. But that’s because the dusting process stirs up the dust in the air, so you’re liable to inhale them more easily.
You can help minimize the problem by following these dust allergy management tips:
- Clean your home regularly, preferably with a central vacuum or a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
- It’s best if someone without the allergy does the cleaning. It should be done while the allergic person is away. The allergic person can then return after about 3 hours, as it can take more than 2 hours for the dust to settle.
- If you’re doing the cleaning and you’re allergic, you should wear an N95 filter mask while you’re cleaning.
- Avoid having wall-to-wall carpets in your home, especially in the bedroom. Carpets tend to be dust collectors. Better to go with wood flooring instead.
- If you’re allergic, you must make sure that you keep your bedroom free from dust and other triggers. You should keep a HEPA air cleaner running in your bedroom all the time. Pet dogs and cats should never be allowed inside. Your mattresses and pillows must use “mite-proof” cases. You need to regularly wash all your bed linens, using hot water.
- Cockroaches can also be a trigger for your allergy symptoms. If you have roaches in your home, you should try cockroach traps and use the services of a professional pest control service. If you have food outside the refrigerator, it must be covered. Food waste must be disposed of in a tightly sealed garbage bin.
- In the furnace and the air conditioning unit, put in a high-efficiency media filter with a MERV rating of 11 or 12. Keep the fan running so the air filter can filter the air throughout the house. Keep the air clean by changing the filter every 3 months, as the seasons change.
- Make sure your HVAC system is inspected and serviced by professionals every 6 months.
- Use a hygrometer to measure the humidity in your home regularly. You need to keep the humidity below 55%. A dehumidifier can help, and you can put in a vent fan in your kitchen and bathrooms. Make sure you repair all water leaks immediately.
If you wonder if you suffers from dust allergy or others, it is suggested to consult an ENT doctor for the appropriate ENT services as soon as possible. HK ENT Specialist Ltd. is a professional Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre to offer ENT Services. Please contact us for an appointment at 3100 0555.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
Should You Be Concerned When You Suddenly Have a Hoarse Voice?
While you may appreciate a singer who has a hoarse voice, it’s not really good news for you should your voice suddenly turn hoarse. This isn’t a disease in itself, but it’s a symptom of some medical condition.
There are many potential causes for suddenly having a hoarse voice, though thankfully most of them aren’t serious. The hoarseness generally disappears after a while. However, if it lasts for more than 2 weeks, you may want to check in with your ENT doctor. The cause may be a lot more serious usual, and it may even be cancer of the larynx.
Common Treatments
The most typical treatments for hoarseness usually depend on what caused it in the first place. Most of the time, all you really need to do is to rest your voice and to speak without raising your voice. Often you get a hoarse voice when you’ve been screaming for an extended period of time. This can happen when you’re watching a sports event, enjoying a concert, singing out loud with friends, or engaging in a loud argument.
If you’re a smoker, then you really should stop smoking as well. You should avoid secondhand smoke, and you’re supposed to drink plenty of fluids.
Other potential causes of your hoarseness can include the common cold or an infection to your upper respiratory tract. You may be suffering from gastroesophageal reflux, when you end up with irritated vocal chords due to the stomach acid coming up from the swallowing tube. It can also be thyroid problems, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, neurological disorders, or some sort of trauma to your voice box.
Diagnosing the Problem
When you see your ENT doctor when you have a hoarse voice, your doctor will first try to determine the history of the hoarseness. The doctor will also find about your general health. The doctor can then use a laryngoscope to inspect your voice box and the surrounding tissue. They can also check out your voice quality, as this can provide a clue as to the cause of the hoarseness. If your voice is breathy, it can be due to benign tumor, polyp or larynx cancer causing poor vocal cord function.
A raspy voice can be due to swelling, inflammation from infection, a chemical irritant, voice abuse or paralysis of the vocal chords. If your voice has become high and shaky or too soft, it may be because you’re not breathing in enough air.
Preventive Measures
There are ways you can prevent or reduce the chances of getting a hoarse voice. If it happens to you often, here are measures you can take:
- Always drink plenty of water.
- Try to increase the humidity levels in your home.
- Avoid alcohol and spicy foods.
- You may want to cut back on caffeine as well.
- Definitely quit smoking if you’re a smoker.
- Keep away from smokers too, as you can get a hoarse voice from the secondhand smoke.
- Avoid screaming or shouting for long periods of time.
As ENT problem is quite different from case to case, it is suggested to consult an ENT Doctor for the appropriate ENT services.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
Everything You Need to Know about Losing Your Sense of Smell
Among doctors, the loss of the sense of smell is called anosmia. This can be a temporary condition, when you’re suffering from a cold or allergies that irritate the lining of the nose. But a permanent loss of smell is also possible, especially when you suffer a serious medical condition that affects the nerves or the brain. Even old age can lead to loss of smell for some people.
Consequences of Anosmia
Losing your sense of smell may not seem all that serious, as in itself it’s not really a fatal condition. But the sense of smell is an important factor for your appetite. If you’re unable to smell, food may not seem as appetizing as before and you may no longer be as interested in eating as much as you should. This lack of appetite can lead to malnutrition.
It’s also possible that you can get depressed when you lose your sense of smell. Plenty of people comfort themselves with food when they feel bad, and you may feel depressed when you realize that food that were once your favorites are no longer as tasty as you remember them.
Several Potential Causes of the Loss of Smell
While the loss of smell can be attributed to several potential causes, here are the main possible reasons:
Irritation of the Nose Lining If the mucus membranes lining the nose have been irritated, a loss of smell is possible. Such an irritation can be caused by the common cold or by sinus infections, allergies, or the flu. Some chronic congestion not related to allergies can also be the cause, and this irritation can also happen if you’re a smoker. Most cases of temporary or partial loss of smell are usually due to colds. Once you’re over your cold, the problem tends to go away as well.
Physical Blockage of Nasal Passages
If something’s blocking the passage of air through your nose, then your sense of smell will certainly be affected. This blockage can be due to nasal polyps or to tumors. It may also be caused by bone deformities inside the nose.
Nerve or Brain Damage
Inside your nose, you have receptors that send sensory information through the nerves into your brain. If something goes wrong regarding this system, such as there’s something wrong with the nerves or with your brain, then you may lose your sense of smell. Many possible conditions can lead to this kind of damage. Potential suspects include brain tumors, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and stroke. It can be caused by long-term alcoholism, diabetes, or malnutrition. This kind of damage can be an accident caused by brain surgery, head injury, or as a side effect of certain medications.
Conclusion
The potential treatment of the loss of smell depends greatly on what caused it. It’s normal to lose your sense of smell when your nose is stuffed when you have a cold or allergies. But once you’re over your colds and you still can’t smell anything, then you should consult your ENT doctor. Since ENT problem is quite different from case to case, it is suggested to consult an ENT doctor for the appropriate ENT services.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
The Problem with Mucus and Postnasal Drip
When you have a cold, you certainly can’t fail to notice that you have a problem with mucus in your nose. What you may not know is that the human body produces mucus everyday, even when you’re not sick. Mucus is produced in the linings of your nose airways, throat, stomach, and intestinal tract. So much mucus is produced that your nose alone is response for about a quart of it each day.
Having mucus in these areas isn’t actually a bad thing. The body produces mucus as part of its defense system. Mucus traps and helps destroy invaders like viruses and bacteria before they can do damage and cause infection.
A Runny Nose and Postnasal Drip
So you may not notice that you have mucus in your nose during most days. The mucus can mix with your saliva, and this can go down the back of your throat without causing any trouble.
But you will notice it when you have a medical condition like a cold and there’s so much more of it than usual or it’s thicker than normal. If there’s so much of it that it starts to run out of your nostrils, then you have a runny nose. But it’s called a postnasal drip when the excess mucus runs down the back of your nose and into your throat.
Consequences
What happens when you have postnasal drip? When you have this problem, it feels like something is obstructing your throat and you tend to want to clear your throat constantly. This can lead to a cough, which can get worse during the night. Postnasal drip is in fact one of the more common causes of stubborn cough that won’t go away. When you have too much mucus running down the back of your throat, you may cough a lot and you’ll feel hoarse. You can end up with a sore throat.
The mucus you swallow can also obstruct your Eustachian tube, which connects your middle ear to your throat. This can lead to an ear infection, which can get very painful. If those passages become clogged, you can also get a sinus infection.
Causes of Postnasal Drip and Potential Treatments
Excessive mucus that can lead to postnasal drip can be caused by many potential conditions. The specific cause can determine the right treatment for the problem.
These possible causes can include the following:
- Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip
- Certain foods most especially spicy dishes
- Certain medications, including blood pressure medications and birth control pills
- Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air
- Colds
- A deviated septum, which refers to the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils
- The flu
- Fumes from irritants like smoke, perfumes, chemicals, or cleaning products
- An object stuck in the nose which can happen with children
- Pregnancy
- Sinus infection or sinusitis
Once the cause has been determined by your ENT doctor, the appropriate treatment can then be suggested. If you suffer an ENT problem, it is suggested to consult an ENT doctor for the appropriate ENT services. Please contact us for an appointment of our ENT services and consulation at 3100 0555.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
Things To Know About Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
Acute otitis media is a common infection in children, and it’s a treatable one. But it can develop into more serious forms of infection like acute suppurative otitis media. Here’s basic information that every parent should know in order to seek medical attention for their children’s middle ear infection as soon as possible.
General Definitions
First off, otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear wherein fluid becomes trapped in it. This is typically a result of the flu, the common cold, and other respiratory conditions wherein the Eustachian tube swells resulting in fluid buildup. Adults rarely get it but it’s a common condition in children, especially in younger ones.
Its common symptoms include:
- Earache, often accompanied by tugging and pulling at the affected ear to relieve the discomfort or pain
- Clear fluid in the ears
- Fever of 100°od higher
- Restlessness and/or fussiness
- Irritability
According to the ICD-9-CM code assignment, otitis media is classified into:
- Acute otitis media refers to the sudden and severe onset of the infection, which can be caused by either bacteria or virus
- Chronic otitis media pertains to a prolonged infection lasting for several weeks with little to no sign of clearing up. It may be caused to the buildup of fluid behind the eardrum resulting from repeated infections.
- Suppurative otitis media is characterized by fluid buildup accompanied by the formation of pus in the middle ear.
- Non-suppurative otitis media doesn’t have push formation.
With this in mind, acute suppurative otitis media is the sudden and severe onset of viral or bacterial infection in the middle ear accompanied by the buildup of pus. From the description alone, parents are understandably worried about its complications, especially with delayed treatment. The middle ear, after all, is a fragile part and infections in it should be addressed promptly.
Differentiation Between Suppurative and Secretory Otitis Media
There’s another differentiation between these types of otitis media. In acute suppurative otitis media, the purulent fluid contains pathogenic bacteria that contributes to the spread of the infection and the worsening of the symptoms. In fact, the only positive way to diagnose the infection is through the aspiration of the fluid but it must also be emphasized that it’s rarely necessary for its initial diagnosis and treatment.
In secretory otitis media, the fluid usually doesn’t contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The fluid can be one of two types: first, serous, a fluid with a thin quality and a straw color; and second, mucoid, a fluid with a thick consistency and a translucent gray color.
The differentiation between the different types of otitis media is important because there will be differences in each one’s treatment and management. With acute suppurative otitis media, for example antibiotics will be definitely necessary to stop the growth of bacteria.
If your child has the ENT issue, it is suggested to consult an ENT Specialist for the appropriate ENT services. HK ENT Specialist Ltd. is a professional Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre for ENT Services. Please call us and make an appointment at 3100 0555.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
Side Effects Of Surgical Removal Of Thyroid Mass
The removal of a thyroid mass via surgery is an oft-recommended treatment for the malignant growth. But it has its risks, too, including side effects that affect a patient’s ability to talk, chew and swallow, as well as your activity levels and mood. In most cases, nonetheless, patients will feel better a couple of weeks after surgery; some people may take a longer time to recover.
Talk to your ENT doctor about these side effects and possible coping measures in your case. You may also talk to fellow patients but set realistic expectations as what may have worked well for them may not work so well for you.
Eating and Drinking Issues
Due to the throat surgery, you will have difficulty in swallowing because of the swelling in the area. You may find, too, that it’s painful to swallow even fluids like water, a temporary difficulty lasting for a few days. But you may also be able to drink or eat normally within several hours after the surgery depending on the technique used by your surgeon.
Even when you’re finding it difficult to swallow, you should eat nutritious foods and drinks to aid in your faster recovery. Your doctor will formulate a diet plan that will meet your nutrition needs at every stage of your treatment and recovery. You may, for example, start with soft foods after surgery and with small yet frequent meals.
Of course, it’s important to eat a balanced diet filled with nutritious food like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats, among others. Your body will require good nutrition for a full post-surgery recovery and for beating cancer.
Physical Effects
In some cases, thyroid surgery affects the voice box particularly its nerves although it’s often a temporary effect and it improves over time. Your voice may sound weak or hoarse for a few days, perhaps a few weeks, afterwards.
You may experience discomfort or pain in the incision site, too. You can ask your doctor for pain medication, which will contribute to your overall well-being and faster recovery.
Due to the position you were placed in during surgery, you may wake up with a stiff neck and back, a temporary side effect, too. You can ask for a massage or physiotherapy to relieve these symptoms, as well as use a triangle-shaped pillow designed for optimum neck support.
And then there’s the issue of scarring on the incision site. You may observe a 5-centimeter to 7-centimeter long horizontal scar above your collarbone; your doctor will choose a natural skin crease to hide, so to speak, the incision site.
Don’t worry if the incision site looks red because it will fade in time and become less noticeable. You should keep the incision area moisturized, perhaps use a special tape to facilitate faster healing.
Keep in mind, too, that these side effects may seem unbearable in the short-term period but these are temporary. The possible long-term reward of remission should be enough reward.
HK ENT Specialist Ltd. is a Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre offering ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy, Sleep Disordered Breathing Management, Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services. If you have ENT problem, it is suggested to call us to make an appointment for the appropriate ENT services.
Source:
HK ENT Specialist Ltd.
Hong Kong based ENT clinic centre
For ENT Services, Audiology & Speech Therapy,
Sleep Disordered Breathing Management,
Hearing Aid Prescription & Medical Cosmetic Services
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另所有文章內使用的人名均為化名。
另所有文章內使用的人名均為化名。