New Therapies for Oral Cancer: Breakthroughs and Applications of Photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy

This article focuses on two specialized therapies for oral cancer: Photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy.

What is Photodynamic Therapy?

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) involves using laser light of a specific wavelength combined with a photosensitizing agent to target cancer cells. First, the photosensitizing agent is injected intravenously into the patient. The agent travels through the bloodstream and accumulates in cancer cells. Subsequently, laser light is directed at the photosensitizer-laden cancer cells. The interaction between the photosensitizer, light, and oxygen generates reactive oxygen species that destroy the cancer cells.

How Does PDT Eliminate Oral Cancer?

Four days after intravenous injection of the photosensitizer, the patient undergoes laser irradiation. The laser light is delivered via a fiber-optic probe precisely targeting the cancer cells. The procedure lasts only a few minutes. For early-stage oral cancer, PDT can achieve a cure. For advanced or metastatic oral cancer, PDT may shrink tumors but is not curative.

Side Effects of PDT

The photosensitizer causes heightened light sensitivity. During treatment, patients must avoid sunlight, protect their skin and eyes by wearing long sleeves, pants, and sunglasses. Other side effects include pain, bleeding, and difficulty swallowing at the treatment site. Doctors may prescribe medications to alleviate these symptoms.

What is Immunotherapy?

Immunotherapy (Biologic Therapy or Biotherapy) leverages the body’s natural defenses to combat cancer cells. Two key agents used for oral and throat cancers are:

• Monoclonal Antibodies

Cancer cells produce specific proteins that stimulate their growth and division. Monoclonal antibodies identify and bind to these proteins, blocking their activity and halting cancer progression. These antibodies can also enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, often used in combination with these treatments.

• Cancer Growth Inhibitors

These agents disrupt chemical signaling between cancer cells, inhibiting their growth and division. For example, gefitinib (Iressa 5) is currently used for oral and throat cancers. Patients should consult their oncologists to determine eligibility.

Our ENT specialists at Hong Kong ENT Head & Neck Surgery Centre have extensive experience in treating ear, nose, throat, and head/neck conditions. For professional assistance in fighting oral cancer, please contact ENT Head and Neck Surgery Centre  (Tel: 3100 0555)

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